PBG (Terminology 1)

 

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Plant breeding: The science of developing new and improved plant varieties.

Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in living organisms.

Phenotype: The observed characteristics of an organism.

Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.

Heritability: The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic variation.

Selection: The process of choosing individuals with desirable traits to be parents of the next generation.

Hybridization: The crossing of two different plant varieties to produce offspring with a combination of their traits.

Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

Recombination: The exchange of genetic material between chromosomes during meiosis.

Linkage: The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL): A region of DNA that is associated with a variation in a quantitative trait.

Marker-assisted breeding (MAS): The use of genetic markers to select for desirable traits.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS): A study that identifies genetic markers associated with variation in a trait across a population of individuals.

Gene editing: The use of molecular techniques to modify DNA sequences in living organisms.

Transgenic plants: Plants that have been genetically modified to incorporate genetic material from other organisms.

Cisgenesis: The introduction of genetic material from a sexually compatible donor plant into a recipient plant.

Intragenesis: The introduction of genetic material from the same species into a recipient plant.

RNA interference (RNAi): A technique used to silence gene expression.

CRISPR-Cas9: A gene-editing tool that uses a bacterial enzyme to cut DNA at specific sites.

Golden Rice: A genetically modified rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A.

Drought-tolerant maize: A genetically modified maize variety that is resistant to drought.

Herbicide-resistant soybeans: Genetically modified soybeans that are resistant to herbicides.

Bt cotton: Genetically modified cotton that produces a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that kills pests.

Arctic apple: A genetically modified apple that is resistant to apple browning.

Genetically modified crops (GMOs): Crops that have been genetically modified to have desired traits.

Sustainable agriculture: The use of agricultural practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Precision agriculture: The use of technology to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture.

Food security: The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Nutrition: The science of food and how it affects our bodies.

Biofortification: The process of breeding crops with higher levels of nutrients.

Nutritious crops: Crops that are high in nutrients and can help to improve human health.

Climate change: The long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.

Global warming: The gradual increase in the average surface temperature of Earth.

Climate-smart agriculture: The practice of agriculture that helps to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

Resilient crops: Crops that are able to withstand the effects of climate change.

Conservation agriculture: The practice of agriculture that aims to conserve soil, water, and biodiversity.

Organic agriculture: The practice of agriculture that excludes the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

Permaculture: A design system for sustainable agriculture that mimics natural ecosystems.

Urban agriculture: The practice of growing food in urban areas.

Community-supported agriculture (CSA): A system in which consumers pay a subscription fee in advance to a local farmer in return for a share of the farmer's crop.

Food sovereignty: The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.

Agroecology: The application of ecological principles to the design and management of sustainable food systems.

Food systems: The networks of people, activities, and institutions that are involved in the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of food.

Plant phenomics: The study of plant phenotypes at a large scale.

High-throughput phenotyping: The use of automated methods to measure plant phenotypes.

Plant microbiome: The community of microorganisms that live on or in plants.

Plant-microbe interactions: The relationships between plants and microorganisms.

Symbiosis: A close and long-term interaction between two different organisms.

Mutational breeding: The use of mutations to create new plant varieties.

Induced mutagenesis: The process of artificially creating mutations in plants.

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes): A technique used to identify plants with specific mutations.

Reverse genetics: The process of identifying the function of a gene by studying the effects of mutations in that gene.

Forward genetics: The process of identifying the gene responsible for a trait by studying the inheritance of that trait in a population of individuals.

Quantitative genetics: The study of the genetics of quantitative traits.

Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that are not due to changes in the DNA sequence itself.

DNA methylation: A type of epigenetic modification that involves the addition of a methyl group to DNA.

Histone modification: A type of epigenetic modification that involves the addition or removal of chemical groups to histone proteins.

RNA editing: The process of modifying RNA sequences.

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA): RNA that does not code for proteins.

microRNA (miRNA): A type of ncRNA that regulates gene expression.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA): A type of ncRNA that is involved in various cellular processes.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): Bacteria that can promote plant growth.

Biofertilizers: Fertilizers that are derived from microorganisms.

Mycorrhizae: A symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi.

Nitrogen fixation: The process of converting nitrogen from the air into a form that can be used by plants.

Phytoremediation: The use of plants to clean up contaminated soil and water.

Biofuels: Fuels that are derived from plant biomass.

Biopesticides: Pesticides that are derived from plants or microorganisms.

Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products for industrial, medical, or environmental purposes.

Plant tissue culture: The culture of plant cells, tissues, or organs in a controlled environment.

Somatic embryogenesis: The process of developing plantlets from somatic cells.

Germplasm conservation: The storage and maintenance of genetic diversity.

Seed banks: Facilities where seeds are stored for long-term conservation.

Biodiversity: The variety of life on Earth.

Ecosystem services: The benefits that humans receive from ecosystems.

Sustainable development: The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

One Health: The approach of understanding and managing the health of huma 5thns, animals, and the environment as interconnected systems.

Planetary health: The health of our planet and all of its inhabitants.

Future of food: The challenges and opportunities facing the global food system.